https://theconversation.com/new-research-shows-bigger-animals-get-more-cancer-defying-decades-old-belief-251287
A longstanding scientific belief about a link between cancer prevalence and animal body size has tested for the first time in our new study ranging across hundreds of animal species.
If larger animals have more cells, and cancer comes from cells going rogue, then the largest animals on earth – like elephants and whales – should be riddled with tumours. Yet, for decades, there has been little evidence to support this idea.
Many species seem to defy this expectation entirely. For example, budgies are notorious among pet owners for being prone to renal cancer despite weighing only 35g. Yet cancer only accounts for around 2% of mortality among roe deer (up to 35kg).
Peto’s paradox is that bigger, longer-lived species should have higher cancer prevalence, yet they don’t seem to. Back in 1977, Professor Sir Richard Peto noted that, on a cell-by-cell basis, mice seem to have much higher susceptibility to cancer than humans. This has led to speculation that larger species must have evolved natural cancer defences.
Several examples of these cancer defences have since been identified. For example, Asian elephants, a species with notably low cancer prevalence, have over 20 copies of a tumour suppressor gene (TP53) compared to our own lone copy. However, scientists are yet to find broader evidence across a range of animal species.
Our new study challenges Peto’s paradox. We used a recently compiled dataset of cancer prevalence in over 260 species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles from wildlife institutions. Then, using powerful modern statistical techniques, we compared cancer prevalence between the animals.
[pic related]
caption: Large species have a much greater risk of getting cancer (solid line), but faster evolution rates reduce that risk (dashed line).
We found that larger species do, in fact, have more cancer compared to smaller ones. This holds across all four major vertebrate groups, meaning that the traditional interpretation of Peto’s paradox doesn’t hold up. But the story doesn’t end there.
At first look, our findings seemed to be at odds with another long-standing scientific idea. Cope’s rule is that evolution has repeatedly favoured larger body sizes, because of advantages like improved predation and resilience. But why would natural selection drive species towards a trait that carries an inherent risk of cancer?
The answer lies in how quickly body size evolves. We found that birds and mammals which reached large sizes more rapidly have reduced cancer prevalence. For example, the common dolphin, Delphinus delphis evolved to reach its large body size – along with most other whales and dolphins (referred to as cetaceans) about three times faster than other mammals. However, cetaceans tend to have less cancer than expected.
Larger species face higher cancer risks but those that reached that size rapidly evolved mechanisms for mitigating it, such as lower mutation rates or enhanced DNA repair mechanisms. So rather than contradicting Cope’s rule, our findings refine it.
Larger bodies often evolve, but not as quickly in groups where the burden of cancer is higher. This means that the threat of cancer may have shaped the pace of evolution.
Humans evolved to our current body size relatively rapidly. Based on this, we would expect humans and bats to have similar cancer prevalence, because we evolved at a much, much faster rate. However, it is important to note that our results can’t explain the actual prevalence of cancer in humans. Nor is that an easy statistic to estimate.
Human cancer is a complicated story to unravel, with a plethora of types and many factors affecting its prevalence. For example, many humans not only have access to modern medicine but also varied lifestyles that affect cancer risk. For this reason, we did not include humans in our analysis.
Fighting cancer
Understanding how species naturally evolve cancer defences has important implications for human medicine. The naked mole rat, for example, is studied for its exceptionally low cancer prevalence in the hopes of uncovering new ways to prevent or treat cancer in humans. Only a few cancer cases have ever been observed in captive mole rats so, the exact mechanisms of their cancer resistance remain mostly a mystery.
At the same time, our findings raise new questions. Although birds and mammals that evolved quickly seem to have stronger anti-cancer mechanisms, amphibians and reptiles didn’t show the same pattern. Larger species had higher cancer prevalence regardless of how quickly they evolved. This could be due to differences in their regenerative abilities. Some amphibians, like salamanders, can regenerate entire limbs – a process that involves lots of cell division, which cancer could exploit.
Putting cancer into an evolutionary context allowed us to reveal that its prevalence does increase with body size. Studying this evolutionary arms race may unlock new insights into how nature fights cancer – and how we might do the same.
Joanna Baker, University of Reading, George Butler, UCL
Germany: A Moldovan woman, missing for more than a week
Marinela Obada, a young Moldovan woman in Germany, has been missing for more than a week. She was last seen on March 6, at Hardfeldstraße 15, Bruchsal.
According to information distributed online, before disappearing, the young woman allegedly had an argument with her husband, Știri.md reports.
I saw this doll at a second hand store today. I thought that it was a real child for a moment. Should I ave bought it? I am a middle aged half Thai shitskin. Didn't want people to think that I am a weirdo or something.
Did you know there are relatively light brown Arab looking people in sub Saharan Africa? This picture is from a delegation of a motley group of jihadists in Burkina Faso 13 years ago in 2012.
Is this soy series even good? I consumed very little media made after PS4 release and I see "oh this game is from 2018 thats recent maybe its good" then I realize 2018 was almost 10 years ago.
I don't understand why Trumpers talk about "mass deportation", its too expensive and Trump can't even deport more than biden.
Wouldn't it be more governmentally efficient to, I don't know, put them into camps to be culled en masse with surplus industrial chemicals?
50% of Trumpers are brown and jewish anyways, will never happen no matter how much you talk about it.
There are a few onion Bernds who are using Tor Browser 24/7, we must be .001% of the Tor user population. Do you think the government has us figured out by now?
Next time you're on a thread and some Germoid retard sputters his inane, malformed parodies of human thought, just remember that this is what he looks like IRL.
Item #: SCP 666 "Jews"
Object Class: Apollyon
Special Containment Procedures 10/07/23: Containment of SCP-666 is no longer possible.
Description:
SCP-666 designates a population of approximately 15 million individuals identified as Jewish by self-identification, ancestry, or cultural affiliation, who collectively exhibit anomalous properties first documented in [REDACTED] BCE. Initially classified as a Euclid-class anomaly under SCP-666, these properties include:
Anomalous Resilience: SCP-666 instances demonstrate statistically improbable survival rates against existential threats (e.g., genocide attempts, environmental collapse, reality-altering events), exceeding baseline human norms by a factor of 10^3.
Memetic Propagation: Exposure to SCP-666 cultural artifacts (e.g., texts, symbols, rituals) induces a persistent memetic effect, "SCP-666-A," causing non-SCP-666 individuals to either adopt SCP-666 identity markers or develop obsessive hostility toward SCP-666 instances. This effect resists all known amnestic treatments.
Temporal Recurrence: SCP-666 instances appear to be linked to a recursive temporal anomaly, re-emerging in historical records despite containment efforts or apparent eradication events, suggesting a potential closed timelike curve or retrocausal influence.
= = = = = = = = = =
As of October 7, 2023, SCP-666 underwent a spontaneous escalation event (designated "Event-666-Omega"), resulting in the following changes:
SCP-666-A’s memetic spread became globally instantaneous, affecting 98% of the human population within 72 hours.
Physical instances of SCP-666 began exhibiting localized reality-warping effects, including spontaneous generation of [REDACTED] phenomena at sites historically associated with SCP-666 activity.
Foundation containment infrastructure within a 500 km radius of SCP-666 population centers experienced cascading failures, attributed to an unidentified cognitohazardous feedback loop.
= = = = = = = = = =
Addendum 666-1: Historical Context
SCP-666 was first contained under Project Masada in 1947, following the discovery of anomalous artifacts in the Dead Sea region. Initial containment relied on collaboration with [REDACTED] governments to limit SCP-666’s memetic influence. Reclassification from Euclid to Keter occurred in 1973 after Incident 666-B (see Document 666-73), and Apollyon status was assigned post-Event-666-Omega. Retrospective analysis suggests SCP-666’s anomalous traits may predate humanity’s written history, potentially linked to SCP-████ ("The Wanderer’s Library").
Addendum 666-2: Event-666-Omega Summary
On October 7, 2023, an unidentified trigger caused SCP-666’s memetic and physical anomalies to breach all containment thresholds simultaneously. Satellite imagery recorded [DATA EXPUNGED] emanating from multiple SCP-666 population centers, followed by the collapse of regional containment grids. By October 10, 2023, O5-█ declared SCP-666 uncontainable, citing its integration into baseline reality as a self-sustaining phenomenon. Current projections estimate a 99.8% likelihood of an XK-class end-of-world scenario within 18 months (projected: April 2025).
Addendum 666-3: Current Status (03/13/25)
As of March 13, 2025, SCP-666’s influence has rendered traditional Foundation operations untenable. Approximately 60% of Foundation personnel exhibit SCP-666-A symptoms, and containment breaches of unrelated SCPs have increased by 400% due to resource diversion. Surviving SCP-666 instances continue to exhibit heightened anomalous activity, with reports of [REDACTED] manifesting in non-SCP-666 populations. O5 Command has authorized Protocol ZK-001 ("Reality Reset") as a final contingency, pending confirmation of SCP-666’s full scope.
Note from O5-█:
"We thought we could contain a people, a culture, a history. We were wrong. SCP-666 isn’t just an anomaly—it’s a mirror. And now it’s everywhere. God help us all."
after month inside psychward I cannot get myself fixed
I cannot sleep and I cannot do shit
Im scared of doing even more trouble to my family soon
bernds I'm tired asf
should I go cold turkey with antipsychotics?
>Zelenskyy now has 74% of popularity because of me. Some people are saying I made him the most popular president in history of Ukraine okay. What was his % under Biden? Who are you? CNN?
I'm fuckin dying of laughter right now 🤣
https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/us-citizen-child-recovering-brain-cancer-deported-mexico-undocumented-rcna196049
U.S. citizen child recovering from brain cancer deported to Mexico with undocumented parents
The Texas family was on their way to an emergency medical checkup, they said, when they were detained at an immigration checkpoint.
I am so fucking enraged I can't smoke my METH
Jesus fucking christ already for 3 weeks in row I have to work over weekends than yesterday I told my boss I am quitting and he said plz plz stay 1 more month and we will organize better.
Me as retarded fool agreed but then I remembered later that all other companies when they didn't need me anymore they just fired me without shred of guilt
Fuck you , now I am going to leave and dont care anymore
What do you think is real IT skill other than writing strings your team leader tells you to do?
Networking
Cloud maintenance
What
Btw edingburgh is epictime of evropa mappeqrance from gook perspective
Is there any more majestic cidy than edinburgh? I bet you cant name one
i'm too lazy to even cook pasta. so i've just been eating pre-processed cold meats for the last few weeks. when can i expect to see signs of nutritional deficiency?
Does anyone remember that video that was a girl who said stuff like "aren't you tired of those pesky jews that control everything..."?
It was a "join Krautchan" video or something like that.
24 yr old killed his friend and butchered his body over girl
Now he will spend good portion of life in Prison while his girl is having sex with other men
Today I saw a black mother kot with kitten in my area. The mother kot went down a small ledge to go into the woods to get some food, and the poor little kitten was trying to follow her. Unfortunately the little bugger couldn't because of the great height (for its size) so I tried to help him out, but by the time I got near him the two of them ran away.
Unfortunately I didn't have my phone with me so I never did get a picture of them, but they were really cute.
> reeeee priebalt why do you hate sovoks/russians
Having zero population growth in XX century despite most of population being rural until 1960s is something else.
am i retarded in thinking it's a great time to buy tesla stock?
i mean, it can still go down way lower but still, it will at least double the price in the near future for sure
My mom and cried and hit my door and screamed when i didnt want to go to school. They were not worried about me. They were worried about what people would think of our family. I hate those bitches. I have never forgiven them for that. Imagine that i am suffering and all they can think about is how that will affect public perception of our family
The guy down the hall from me has been talking to Mormon missionaries for the last two weeks, and lately I've been getting Missionary Boys in my recommended when I'm browsing for gay porn, coincidence?
https://rairfoundation.com/new-jerseys-first-islamic-city-muslim-politicians-seize/
New Jersey’s First Islamic City: Muslim Politicians Seize Power in Paterson, Declare It ‘The Capital of Palestine in America,’ Raise Islamic Flags, and Advance Sharia (Video)
this dude told me they had a rent a goat thing in some churkistan. you pay a bit, take goat and rape it
and some random russian tourist came and thought "damn thats cheap for goat", and paid for it and then butchered her
i wonder if its true. its too kino to be made up
Just took my vitamine D and asked myself
>do you vɪt.ə.mɪn or vaɪ.tə.mɪn
I decided to make the first my default from now on. it's also closer to my native language way of saying it. also fuck the USA.
UK is now best English friend
Gott strafe Amerika!
Will US stonks get slaughtered again today?
I feel like they will drop like a rock at market open, like they have done almost every day for the last 3 weeks.
It takes me a few minutes to go thru dehashed and put 1+1 together and find peoples passwords, their adresses, everything.
Once we have AI agents like manus uncensored we literally will have billions of indian AI agents that just go thru all the data base leaks out there, automatically and do all kinds of retardet attacks. From social engineering to hacking.
Spoofing phone number, to log into accounts that allow payment, blackmail, contact them and scam them, all automatically, constantly, at all times.
New research shows bigger animals get more cancer, defying decades-old belief
